Changes in hillslope hydrology in a perched,shallow soil system due to clearcutting and residual biomass removal     

Colin P. R. McCarter  Stephen D. Sebestyen  Susan L. Eggert  Randall K. Kolka  Carl P. J. Mitchell 《水文研究》2020,34(26):5354-5369

Sustainable fuels legislation and volatility in energy prices have put additional pressures on the forestry sector to intensify the harvesting of biomass for “advanced biofuel” production. To better understand how residual biomass removal after harvest affects forest hydrology in relatively low slope terrain, a Before-After-Control-Impact (BACI) study was conducted in the USDA Forest Service's Marcell Experimental Forest, Minnesota, USA. Hydrological measurements were made from 2010–2013 on a forested hillslope that was divided into three treatment blocks, where one block was harvested and residual biomass removed (Biomass Removed), the second was harvested and residual biomass left (Biomass Left), and the last block was left as an Unharvested Control. The pre-harvest period (2 years) was 2010–11 and post-harvest (2 years) was 2012–13. Water table elevation at the upslope and downslope position, subsurface runoff, and soil moisture were measured between May–November. Mixed effect statistical models were used to compare both the before-after and “control” treatment ratios (ratios between harvested hillslopes and the Unharvested Control hillslope). Subsurface runoff significantly increased (p < .05) at both harvested hillslopes but to a greater degree on the Biomass Left hillslope. Greater subsurface runoff volumes at both harvested hillslopes were driven by substantial increases during fall, with additional significant increases during summer on the Biomass Left hillslope. The hydrological connectivity, inferred from event runoff ratios, increased due to harvesting at both hillslopes but only significantly on the Biomass Left hillslope. The winter harvest minimized soil disturbance, resulting in no change to the effective hydraulic conductivity distribution with depth. Thus, the observed hydrological changes were driven by increased effective precipitation and decreased evapotranspiration, increasing the duration that both harvested hillslopes were hydrologically active. The harvesting of residual biomass appears to lessen hydrological connectivity relative to leaving residual biomass on the hillslope, potentially decreasing downstream hydrological impacts of similar forestry operations.  相似文献   

Interaction between lateral sorting in river bends and vertical sorting in dunes     

Anne W. Baar  Steven A. H. Weisscher  Maarten G. Kleinhans 《Sedimentology》2020,67(1):606-626

Sediment is sorted in river bends under the influence of gravity that pulls the heavier grains downslope and secondary flow that drags the finer grains upslope. Furthermore, when dunes are present, sediment is also sorted vertically at the dune lee side. However, sorting functions are poorly defined, since the relation to transverse bed slope and the interaction between lateral and vertical sorting is not yet understood for lack of data under controlled conditions. The objective of this study is to describe lateral sorting as a function of transverse bed slope and to gain an understanding of the interaction between lateral and vertical sorting in river bends. To this end, experiments were conducted with a poorly sorted sediment mixture in a rotating annular flume in which secondary flow intensity can be controlled separately from the main flow velocity, and therefore transverse bed slope towards the inner bend and dune dimensions can be systematically varied. Sediment samples were taken along cross-sections at the surface of dune troughs and dune crests, and over the entire depth at the location of dune crests (bulk samples), which enabled comparison of the relative contribution of vertical sorting by dunes to lateral sorting by the transverse bed slope. The data show that lateral sorting is always the dominant sorting mechanism in bends, and bulk samples showed minor effects of vertical sorting by dunes as long as all grain-size fractions are mobile. An empirical bend sorting model was fitted that redistributes the available sediment fractions over the cross-section as a function of transverse bed slope. Comparison with field data showed that the model accurately reproduces spatially-averaged trends in sorting at the bend apex in single-thread channels. The bend sorting model therefore provides a better definition of bend sorting with conservation of mass by size fraction and adds to current understanding of bend sorting. The implication for numerical modelling is that bend sorting mechanisms can be modelled independently of dunes, allowing the application of the active layer concept.  相似文献   

利用旋转平台模拟双河口羽流相互作用的研究     

戴娟娟  袁野平  宋浩宸 《海洋与湖沼》2020,51(5):1108-1117

本文通过旋转平台实验室实验的方法,探讨了双河口情况下两个羽流将如何发生相互作用。在研究中,提出了一种新颖的技术对河口羽流的各切面流场进行测量,来获得河口羽流多个平面的速度场及涡度场,并基于此模拟了双河口羽流系统的准三维结构。通过对不同入流速度下的双河口羽流流场演变过程和内部结构进行了一系列对比研究,以期揭示上游河流的入流如何影响下游河口涡旋的形成及在羽流相互作用情形下各个羽流的演变。实验结果表明:随着上游入流流量的增加,上游羽流形成的沿岸流对下游河口涡旋沿岸迁移的促进和离岸输运的抑制作用将更加显著。特别是在上游入流流量等于或大于下游入流流量的情况下,下游羽流河口涡旋的体积增长明显较单一河口情况放缓。在上游入流流量较大的情况下,下游原有河口涡旋被推向更下游位置,在远离河口的位置形成另一个河口涡旋。在垂直方向上,我们可以观察到高上游入流流量条件下的下游河口涡旋的深度较小,更有利于形成三层流体的情况。本研究对多河口近海流域的营养盐及污染物的输运情况等社会和生态问题的研究有着重要的意义。  相似文献   

Meio-epifaunal wood colonization in the vicinity of methane seeps     

Adriana Gracia C.  Lisa A. Levin  Sven Zea 《Marine Ecology》2020,41(1):e12573

In deep-sea environments, plant remains of several origins are found, including branches, twigs, leaves, and wood pieces, among others. As most of the deep-sea bottoms are oligotrophic and nutrient-limited, plant remains provide an oasis of localized organic enrichment and a substrate for colonization. Sunken wood was suggested to play an important evolutionary role in the diversification of chemosynthetic ecosystems, possibly representing stepping stones for the colonization between vent and seep ecosystems. In order to understand colonization processes of the Pacific Costa Rican meio-epifaunal assemblages associated with sunken wood, a field experiment was conducted on Mound 12 (8°55.778′N, 84°18.730′W) at ~1,000 m water depth. Woodblocks were placed in four different habitats (Mussel beds, tube worms, near mussel beds, rubble bottoms), and different local environmental conditions (seepage-active and seepage-inactive sites). Seven experimental Douglas fir woodblocks (each 1,047 cm² in surface area) were deployed from the R/V Atlantis using the manned submersible Alvin in February 2009 and recovered after 10.5 months in January 2010. Sample processing and analyses led to a data set of abundance (total 9,951 individuals) and spatial distribution of nine meio-epifaunal higher taxa/groups. Meio-epifaunal densities on individual woodblocks ranged from 3 to 26 ind.10 cm². Copepods accounted for the highest abundances (75.1%), followed by nauplii larvae (11.7%) and nematodes (9.8%). The maximum number of individuals (26.3 ind.10 cm⁻²) was found in blocks placed in seepage-inactive areas (near active mussel beds) in contrast to 2.9 ind.10 cm⁻² in active areas (within a mussel bed). A hierarchical cluster analysis grouped blocks according to seepage activity and not to habitat, but tests of similarity showed no significant differences in higher taxon composition and abundances, probably owing either to substrate homogeneity or low sample size. Copepods were the most abundant representatives, suggesting that this group is one of the most successful in colonizing in the early stage of succession, in this case while hardwood substrates are not yet decomposed or bored by bivalves.  相似文献   

西太平洋海域现场培养实验中挥发性卤代烃浓度的变化及其影响因素     

韩钰  何真  刘珊珊  高旭旭  杨桂朋 《海洋学报》2020,42(2):1-9

CH₃I、CHCl₃、C₂HCl₃和CH₂Br₂是挥发性卤代烃4种重要成分，对大气化学产生重要影响。于2018年10月在西太平洋进行船基现场培养实验，研究微量元素Fe (50 nmol/L)、酸化(pH=7.9)、酸化(pH=7.9)和微量元素Fe (50 nmol/L)耦合作用、微量元素Fe (50 nmol/L)和N/P (16∶1)耦合作用及沙尘(4 mg/L)对浮游植物释放CH₃I、CHCl₃、C₂HCl₃和CH₂Br₂含量的影响。结果表明，与对照组相比，实验组CH₃I、C₂HCl₃和CH₂Br₂的释放均被不同程度抑制；CHCl₃的释放除添加沙尘时表现抑制作用外，其他条件下均为促进作用；实验组培养周期内叶绿素a浓度较高，而营养盐浓度变化规律不明显。总的来说，酸化和微量元素Fe可能是影响浮游植物释放挥发性卤代烃的重要限制因素，沙尘对促进浮游植物生长繁殖的影响更为显著。  相似文献   

基于水位波动关联度的济南西部与济南泉群地下水关系研究          下载免费PDF全文

张郑贤  王维平  相华  盖燕如  李凤丽 《水文》2018,38(6):31-36

济南市以"泉城"闻名,近年来城市化进程的加快及地下水开采量的增大,对济南市区泉群喷涌产生了一定程度的影响。对2014～2017年济南西部玉符河下游的杜家庙、南八里、朱家庄等地及市区泉群的趵突泉、黑虎泉的岩溶水位波动规律进行分析,在地下水位波动幅度计算的基础上,利用灰色关联分析方法,从一个新的评价指标"水位波动关联度"的角度探寻济西与济南市区泉群地下水间的联系,为济南市保泉供水提供探索依据。以15d为地下水位均值计算周期,先计算全年的水位波动关联度,再将关联度的计算结果划分为:4～7月、8～11月和12月至次年3月三个时段,分别分析济西各岩溶井水位与泉水位的波动关联度。结果表明,12月至次年3月关联度的计算结果受外界干扰最小,这一时段济西与市区泉群水位波动关联度的均值为0.854,属高关联度,两者地下水位变化规律极其相似,两个地下水系统在统计学上存在着极强的联系。  相似文献   

三峡库区四方碑滑坡稳定性与变形趋势预测   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

肖婷  殷坤龙  杨背背 《中国地质灾害与防治学报》2018,29(1):10-14

三峡水库建成后,库水位周期性涨落和暴雨产生的渗流作用导致大量古滑坡的复活或新滑坡的发生。以库区近水平层状结构的四方碑滑坡为例,依据库水位实际调动,将水位从175 m至145 m不同降速与50年一遇暴雨进行工况组合,计算4种工况下滑坡的稳定性及破坏概率。然后采用Geo-studio软件的Sigma模块对滑坡进行变形模拟,运用R/S分析方法判断滑坡的变形持续性,并结合野外调查情况,综合评价分析四方碑滑坡的稳定性。结果表明:滑坡在各工况下整体均处于基本稳定状态,具有低危险性;变形模拟结果显示滑坡前缘位移最大,与野外调查情况一致;各监测点Hurst指数均介于0.5~1,表明时间序列具有正持续性,在研究的时间限度内滑坡的局部破坏增强,应在汛期加强对滑坡前缘的巡查和预警。  相似文献   

Seismicity and fault aseismic deformation caused by fluid injection in decametric in-situ experiments     

《Comptes Rendus Geoscience》2018,350(8):464-475

Seismicity induced by fluid perturbations became an important societal concern since felt earthquakes (M_w up to 6) occurred after anthropogenic activities. In order to mitigate the risks associated with undesired seismicity, as well as to be able to use the micro-seismicity as a probe for in-depth investigation of fluid-driven processes, it is of crucial importance to understand the links between seismicity, fluid pressure and flow. We have developed a series of in-situ, decameter-scale experiments of fault zone reactivation by controlled fluid injection, in order to improve the near-source geophysical and hydromechanical observations. The deployed geophysical monitoring close to the injection allows one to cover the full frequency range of the fault responses from the static deformation to the very high-frequency seismic emissions (up to 4 kHz). Here, we focus on the microseismicity (M_w ∼ –4 to –3) recorded during two fluid injection experiments in low-permeable shale and highly-fractured limestone formations. In both experiments, the spatio-temporal distribution of the seismic events, the energy balance, and the seismic velocity changes of the fractured medium show that most of the deformation does not actually emit seismic signals. The induced deformation is mainly aseismic. Based on these high-resolution multiparametric observations in the near-field, we therefore proposed a new model for injection-induced seismicity: the seismicity is not directly induced by the increasing fluid pressure, but it is rather triggered by the stress perturbations transferred from the aseismic motion caused by the injection.  相似文献   

Numerical Simulation and Analysis of Storm Surges Under Different Extreme Weather Event and Typhoon Experiments in the South Yellow Sea     

ZHANG Mingzong  ZHOU Chunyan  ZHANG Jisheng  ZHANG Xinzhou  TANG Zihao 《中国海洋大学学报(英文版)》2022,21(1):1-14

In this study,a coupled tide-surge-wave model was developed and applied to the South Yellow Sea.The coupled model simulated the evolution of storm surges and waves caused by extreme weather events,such as tropical cyclones,cold waves,extratropical cyclones coupled with a cold wave,and tropical cyclones coupled with a cold wave.The modeled surge level and significant wave height matched the measured data well.Simulation results of the typhoon with different intensities revealed that the radius to the maximum wind speed of a typhoon with 1.5 times wind speed decreased,and its influence range was farther away from the Jiangsu coastal region;moreover,the impact on surge levels was weakened.Thereafter,eight hypothetical typhoons based on Typhoon Chan-hom were designed to investigate the effects of varying typhoon tracks on the extreme value and spatial distribution of storm surges in the offshore area of Jiangsu Province.The typhoon along path 2 mainly affected the Rudong coast,and the topography of the Rudong coast was conducive to the increase in surge level.Therefore,the typhoon along path 2 induced the largest surge level,which reached up to 2.91 m in the radial sand ridge area.The maximum surge levels in the Haizhou Bay area and the middle straight coastline area reached up to 2.37 and 2.08 m,respectively.In terms of typhoons active in offshore areas,the radial sand ridge area was most likely to be threatened by typhoon-induced storm surges.  相似文献   

集合预报误差在GRAPES全球四维变分同化中的应用研究Ⅱ：参数选取与数值试验     

龚建东  张林  王瑞春 《气象学报》2021,79(1):48-64

研究的第一部分讨论了如何有效应用集合预报误差的科学方案,确定了集合预报误差在GRAPES（Global Regional Assimilation and PrEdiction System）全球4DVar（four dimensional variational data assimilation）中应用的分析框架。在此基础上研究了针对集合预报误差实际应用于GRAPES全球4DVar,解决接近或超过100个集合样本数时高效生成的计算效率问题,以及与GRAPES全球4DVar匹配的同化关键参数确定问题。选择基于4DVar的集合资料同化方法生成集合样本,通过将第1个样本极小化迭代过程中产生的预调节信息用于其他样本极小化做预调节,将计算效率提高了2倍。通过时间错位扰动方法增加集合样本数,实现集合样本增加到3倍。对集合方差进行膨胀,并选择水平局地化相关尺度为流函数背景误差水平相关的1.4倍。通过批量数值试验方法确定背景误差与集合预报误差的权重系数,对60个集合样本当集合预报误差权重为0.7时预报效果最好。对北半球夏、冬两季各52 d的批量试验表明,对于南、北半球En4DVar （ensemble 4DVar）较4DVar的改进在冬季主要集中在700—30 hPa,而在夏季主要集中在400—150 hPa。赤道地区受季节影响较小,En4DVar对位势高度、风场与温度的改进都较为明显,且经向风场的改进最为显著。文中研发的集合预报误差在GRAPES全球4DVar中应用的方法合理可行。   相似文献